A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Addressing Implicit Bias in Policing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2195 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Behavior Essay Did you like this example? It has been almost 60 years since the Civil Rights Movement yet underlying racial tensions and documentation of police brutality continue on in America. While criminal activity knows no race, there seems to be a correlation between increased use of force by police officers on people of color compared to their white counterparts (Spencer, Charbonneau, Glasser, 2016). Whether it is media portrayal, or actual bias by officers, the number of deaths at the hands of police officers since 2014 has sparked outcry from the public. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Addressing Implicit Bias in Policing" essay for you Create order Much like the 1960s and the height of the Civil Rights Movement, a grassroots movement, Black Lives Matter, has begun to take a stand against what is viewed as excessive policing. Currently there is no cohesive database documenting the number of police related shootings. Empirically based research and literature is limited regarding criminal homicide and police shootings (Bejan, Hickman, Parkin Pozo, 2018). Current research also suggests an under-reporting or misreporting on governmental websites such as The National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) (Feldman, Gruskin, Coull, Krieger, 2017). The creation of the Black Lives Matter Movement (BLM) in response to the shooting of Trayvon Martin has pushed these types of incidents to the forefront of media. The coverage, negative or positive have sparked conversation and research into these matters. Though racism, racial discord and the use of excessive force by police officers is not a new subject area, the seemingly increase of unarmed individuals being shot by police, social media encounters of racism and misuse of police resources by individuals reporting people of color for infractions such as studying in their dorms (Wootson, 2018) or hosting a barbeque (Fernow, 2018) have opened the door for more research (Bejan, Hickman, Parkin Pozo, 2018). One area of research questions the role of implicit bias in racial interactions, particularly in regard to police interactions with persons of color (Plant Peruche, 2005; Correll, Park, Judd, Wittenbrink, Sadler Keesee, 2007; Spencer, Charbonneau, Glasser, 2016). Implicit bias holds to the idea that individuals are unaware of their own biases that affect their behavior, often in a discriminatory manner (Selmi, 2018). Due to the ignorance of their own bias, behaviors and responses can be attributed to external influences and events, rather than recognizing the internal workings occurring (Plant Peruche, 2005). Coupled with this underlying theory is a response on ways to counteract implicit bias, specifically in police training. Police departments themselves are seeking ways to better train their officers in an attempt to reduce fatalities. Researchers, as well, are considering the implementation of cognitive-behavioral based training as well as exposure-based training in an attempt to minimize implicit bias, therefore reducing the number of police brutality incidents (Kawakami, Dovidio, Moll, Hermsen, Russin, 2000; Lai, Marini, Lehr, Cerruti, Shin, Joy-Gaba, Nosek, 2014; Plant Peruche, 2005). Cognitive-behavioral approaches to treatment focus on the observable or overt behavior as well as the non-observable or covert behavior. The theory examines the importance of the current environment, in this case, that of police encounters, and the development of problematic behaviors; excessive force or police brutality (Plante, 2011). Addressing the overt and covert behaviors through exposure to individuals of different ethnicities through computer simulation, real life intergroup experiences and counter stereotypical materials are areas of methodology under examination. Working to find a more adaptive response to perceived threat through counterconditioning, as well as behavioral rehearsal associated with high stress situations is of consideration as well (Spencer, Charbonneau, Glaser, 2016; Lai et al., 2014; Kawakami et al., 2000). Understanding the underlying behaviors and thought processes and addressing them with a multi-faceted treatment of cognitive behavioral and exposure techniques to address implicit bias within police training, may bring about a reduction in the use of excessive force and incidents of police brutality. This paper examines cognitive-behavioral approaches to reducing implicit bias, specifically looking assessing the effects of exposure training and counter-stereotyping as two successful means of treatment. Counterarguments to these treatments are also presented. Literature Review While some would like to believe they are living in a post-racial America, where race and racism is virtually non-existent, statistics reveal that over the last three years, concerns about racism and race relations has sharply risen to 47% in the United States (Swift Gallop, Inc., 2017). One of the underlying factors that researchers have found contributing to this increase is the number of highly publicized shootings of unarmed Black individuals (Swift Gallop, Inc., 2017). In response, current literature has looked to examine the possible underlying factors that are impacting this rise in shootings. Implicit bias has been considered as one of these elements of influence on these incidents. As previously mentioned, implicit biases are unconscious prejudices that individuals hold, typically toward another person and behaviors associated in response are often negative and discriminatory toward the object of these biases (Selmi, 2018). As an example of implicit bias at work, Eberhardt, Goff, Purdie, Davies (2004) found that the sight of a Black face could generate notions of crime, with the inverse true as well. If the mere thought of, or visual cue of a Black individuals presence could lead to this thought process, how much more so could it escalate a situation? These consequences of implicit bias are being addressed by researchers by seeking to counteract the biases themselves. Some have suggested embracing a colorblind ideology as a means to counteracting racism, and racial bias. Colorblind ideology, at its core seeks to remove color from the equation, and present itself as egalitarian and just, contributing acts of perceived racism to outlying factors. However, as Bonilla-Silva (2014) has discovered, it has simply enabled a new form of racism, allowing for the continuation of systemic racism, including in the realm of policing. While research provides varied means of treatment to reduce or neutralize implicit bias, current literature suggests that the most successful reductions occur with a combination of treatment approaches, namely cognitive-behavioral based training coupled with exposure-based training (Plant Peruche, 2005; Kawakami et al.,2000; Lai et al., 2014). Cognitive-Behavioral Based Training Cognitive-behavioral therapy became popular in the 1970s in response to recognition of limitations found within strict behavioral therapy, specifically the identification of the role that thoughts, attitudes and feelings had on behavior. This awareness brought about an integrative model of the current behavioral practices with more cognitive approaches. This integration recognized the importance of not only the observable outward behavior, but that of the inner workings of thought processes and emotions. Based upon principles of learning and the workings of experimental psychology, cognitive-behavioral therapy recognizes the function of behavior being influenced by thoughts, attitudes and feelings (Plante, 2011). With this understanding, researchers have sought to implement treatments based in this approach to reduce an individuals implicit bias, which should therefore reduce the behaviors associated with said bias. Exposure based training. An area of exploration in seeking to reduce implicit bias is through the avenue of exposure. Exposure based therapy can be a gradual process; slowly exposing an individual to something they fear, or it can occur all at once (Plante, 2011). In the case of implicit bias and policing, an officer may not be outright ?afraid of a person of color, yet, their underlying biases may manifest in rapidness to fire their weapon when encountering them in a high stress situation. One of the least risky forms of exposure found within the literature was that of a computer-based program. Within this study, officers were presented with images of Black and White men with either a weapon or a neutral object. Initially officers were more likely to fire their weapon in response to a Black face, regardless of the presence of weapon or not. Over time was found that over time, with repeated exposure to images of Black men and a neutral object, officer shootings decreased, and accuracy increased. Authors of the study correlated repeated non-threating exposure to Black men and lack of shooting by officers with a reduction in bias. (Plant Peruche, 2005). Exposure through intergroup contract has been suggested as way to reduce implicit bias in officers. Allport (1954) speculated that in order to reduce biases four criteria should be met. Individuals of the ingroup, in this instance, police, would meet with the outgroup, regularly, and were considered as holding equal status as humans, while seeking the same goal, in this case peace and reduced incidents, and this effort was supported by those in authority, then prejudice and bias could be reduced. Community based police programs, (Gill, Weisburd, Telep, Vitter, 2014) and collaboration with those considered to be the outgroup, in this case, those that are on the receiving end of bias, example of implementation of these elements A meta-analysis of intergroup contact found that with increased contact, prejudice decreased. It was also found that the removal of choice for participation in intergroup contact within some studies found an actual greater decrease in prejudice than in studies where participants were given a choice. Results were found to be generalized outside of the specific members of the intergroup to members of the entire outgroup as well, even having had zero prior contact. While Allports (1954) four conditions for intergroup exposure strengthened the response, that is, prejudice was reduced, it was found that even apart from all requirements being met, that intergroup contact reduced prejudice (Pettigrew, Troup, 2006). By interacting regularly with individuals outside of their group, in a positive manner, implicit bias is reduced. Counter-prejudicial training. Using counter-prejudicial training to change the response and action (excessive force and or shooting) outcomes in reaction to the presence of minority suspects. The focus of this training seeks to change the stereotypical narrative that invokes a negative response and replace it with a counter one. For example, if the stereotype is Black men are gangbangers who wear low riding pants and oversized shirts, dealing drugs in the streets, the narrative would replace it with a helpful Samaritan, who happened to be a Black man, intervening in a crime that is occurring. This is a simplistic example, however the idea behind it remains. Calanchini, Gonsalkorale, Sherman, Klauer (2013) conducted a study implementing counter-prejudicial narratives postulating the idea that if an individual could be trained to respond to images of Black men in a counter-prejudicial way, they could reduce the persons implicit biases, as well as reinforce the mental process that aid in diminishing the impact of biased associations. Participants were trained in either a counter-prejudicial manner or a pro-prejudicial manner, a control was not trained in either direction. Using images of neutral faced expressions of Black and White men, participants were primed with relating either a negative or positive word to the image. Following this training, they were given an Implicit Association Test linking Black and White with either pleasant or unpleasant words. Results showed that training individuals in a counter-prejudicial manner showed less triggering of biased responses. However, they found that there was not an increase or decrease in bi ased responses from those trained in the pro-prejudicial manner. Calanchini et al.s (2013) findings are supported by current literature. Lai et al. (2014) conducted a comparative study of seventeen interventions for reducing implicit bias; one of these interventions was presenting a counter-prejudicial (counter-stereotypical) narrative. Within this vein, four different studies were conducted; a counter-narrative story, a counter-narrative story that places the participant within the story, images pairing the word ?good with the image of Black man and ?bad with a White man, and then only images of a Black man with the word good. Results showed involving the participant in the counter-stereotypic narrative greatly reduced implicit bias. It has been suggested that by re-training associations, there is an ability to negate stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes; in so doing, there is a reduction in implicit bias (Kawakami et al., 2000). Criticism and Counter Solutions. While there are numerous studies supporting the reduction of implicit bias through cognitive-behavioral training; specifically using a counter-stereotypic presentation, there are suggestions within the literature that it (counter-stereotypic presentation) may not be the most effective means due to concerns about the longevity of effect (Burns, Monteith, Parker, 2017). An alternative proposition is found in motivation, by either internal or external influence, and its relation to self-regulation in the reduction or suppression of implicit bias (Devine, Plant, Amodio, Harmong-Jones, Vance, 2002; Hausmann, Ryan, 2004). The source of motivation for individuals to not express prejudicial attitudes may be more effective is the source is an internal motivation. The desire to not appear prejudice due to external pressure, i.e. it is not acceptable, may not be strong enough to control those attitudes privately. However, an internal desire to consciously not act or appear prejudice may strengthen the ability to overcome implicit bias (Butz Plant, 2009). Studies have found, those with higher levels of internal motivation were able to regulate prejudicial attitudes in a variety of situations and varying levels of pressure. Whereas those whos motivation was strictly external were unable to manage prejudicial attitudes in situations that placed them in a position with higher pressure and little control (Burns et al., 2017; Butz Plant, 2009). Furthermore, when individuals were made aware of their biased behaviors, thoughts or actions, and these actions were not in alignment with their personal convictions, it created feelings of guilt. These incongruencies between actions and personal convictions led to a greater reduction in implicit bias (Butz Plant, 2009; Lai, Hoffman, Nosek, 2013).

Jesus Point Of The Teaching - 906 Words

In Matthew 5:43-48 what was Jesus point in the teaching? Jesus, I feel had a few things that he wanted to express and teach to us. This begin with Jesus saying he heard it been said â€Å"Thou shalt love thy neighbor; and hate thine enemy†. His teaching here was to express why not love your enemies, even bless them to do god despite how they feel towards you. His teaching then goes to even the one who speak evil of you in response we still should speak kindly of them. Loving our enemies will also cause us to pray for their wellbeing and salvation which if they have a change of view could be a faithful servant of Jesus. If turning our backs on our enemies leaves them without a proper chance to following Jesus then are we really serving what God wants from us? Once you read Jesus teaching it is easier to show kindness and mercy when we can expect to benefit from doing so. I also feel this teaching shows how much harder we must work at something and expect nothing in return that could happen when you show someone love and not get it in return. However, Jesus does not say that you need to like your enemy or like what he does. Rather, you are called to love him or her. Jesus teaching also declares that friendship with one’s friends is nothing exceptional. His saying that even tax collectors should be loved, showed how his loved spread to all. In Jesus’ day, the tax collectors would collect taxes for the Roman government and then add a surcharge, which they kept. Since tax collectorsShow MoreRelatedWhat Was Jesus Point Of The Teaching?846 Words   |  4 Pagesa. What was Jesus’ point in the teaching? In this teaching, Jesus was saying that we treat one another with love and compassion as he have loved us as much as laying his life for our sake, in order for us to join him in the kingdom of God. 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The Study of College Students and Their Sleep Habits Essay

The blare of the alarm goes off at the early hour of eight thirty in the morning. Tyler, a college freshman, wakes up from his night of sleep. He calculates the hours that he slept and as usual the hours add up to be about five all together. Throughout the course of a week, Tyler averages about thirty-five hours of sleep. Tyler is involved in many activities on campus such as Freshman class council, football, intermurals, and works an average of twenty hours a week. Like most college students, he takes an average 15 hours of course work. During the day he finds himself very fatigued and unmotivated to finish his homework due to his lack of sleep. As the semester comes to an end, he starts to worry about his Grade Point Average because it†¦show more content†¦In the article entitled Sleep Duration and Self-Reported Type A Behavior: A Replication, Stuart McKelvie (1992) surveyed college students who receive eight hours or less of sleep per night. These surveys observed type A behavior students, which include students who are more devoted to studying, showing up for class, and being involved in other various activities. In a repeated study of the Hicks study from 1979, three hundred and eleven undergraduate students were divided into groups of thirty and completed a sleep survey. Regular sleepers indicated that they had received the same amount of sleep for one year and were satisfied with their sleeping patterns. From this group of students the survey study stated that seventy-two irregular sleepers received less than eight hours per night and seventy regular sleepers received more than eight hours per night. Between the two groups of students, test scores did not significantly differ. Both were satisfied with the amount of sleep that they receive each night. This is said to be the reason that their daily lives and grades are not significantly effected by the amount of sleep they receive. 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Vegetarianism Essay Research Paper Vegetarianism as defined free essay sample

Vegetarianism Essay, Research Paper Vegetarianism as defined by The World Book Dictionary ( 1989 ) is # 8220 ; the pattern or rule of eating merely vegetable nutrients and forbearing from eating meat, fish, or other carnal merchandises # 8221 ; . This definition, though accurate, seems slightly limited, as being a vegetarian is so much more: it is a lifestyle pick, a manner of thought, and a manner of behaving. Over 12 million Americans and countless others, from all over the universe, have turned to the vegetarian diet ( Vegetarian Times, 1996 ) . Peoples who have become vegetarians have made a witting pick to be this and, holding studied this pattern, no 1 should entertain going a vegetarian lightly. Even though there are many benefits to going a vegetarian, the determination could besides be harmful. There are many grounds for people to take a vegetarian life style. Some people follow it as a craze, while others profess to make it because of an antipathy to eating animate beings. There are spiritual grounds for non eating meat and still others follow vegetarianism as a manner to lose weight, utilizing it as a diet. In each instance it can be a healthy or a harmful manner to eat. The benefits or injury of vegetarianism is associated with two factors: instruction about nutritionary demands coupled with nutrient picks. Even groups like jocks can boom on a vegetarian diet if they are good educated to the organic structures # 8217 ; dietetic demands! and are good cognizant of the limit-less picks available on a vegetarian diet. What follows in this essay, is first: a brief, yet insightful expression at the vegetarian diet ( the nutritionary facet ) and so: an analysis of how this diet may, in fact, be a good pick for an jock. The first thing people need to recognize is that there is more than merely one type of vegetarian diet. In fact, there are three basic vegetarian diets to take from. The first is the lacto-ovo diet. This diet includes the usage of eggs and dairy merchandises. The 2nd 1 is the lacto diet, which besides includes the usage of dairy merchandises but, unlike the lacto-ovo diet, this diet does non include the usage of eggs. The 3rd diet is the vegan diet. This diet excludes the usage of eggs, dairy merchandises, and any nutrient prepared with eggs and dairy merchandises. Many vegans do non utilize honey either ( Giehl, 1979 ) . Changing your diet to one of these three vegetarian diets could be a move in a healthier way. Vegetarians are, on the norm, far healthier than those who consume the typical Western diet ( Hulsey, 1997 ) . It is a well-established fact that vegetarians suffer less bosom disease than meat-eaters ( The European, 1992 ) . The high measures of fat and protein and the entire deficiency of fibre in meat are linked to a distressing array of degenerative diseases such as # 8220 ; malignant neoplastic disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes, fleshiness, and many others # 8221 ; ( Akers, 1983 p. 23 ) . There is an emerging consensus that a vegetarian diet is really better than a meat-oriented diet. ( Akers, 1983 ) . The American Dietetic Association has frequently voiced it # 8217 ; s support of the # 8220 ; good planned # 8221 ; vegetarian diet ( Hulsey, 1997 ) . Good wellness, nevertheless, is non automatically guaranteed merely because person becomes a vegetarian. Understanding the organic structure # 8217 ; s dietetic demands, being organized and holding a good program are the keys to a healthy vegetarian diet. The organic structure requires a certain sum of protein, saccharides, fat, vitamins, and minerals, to prolong a long, healthy being. Most people believe that the vegetarian diet deficiencies in the needed sums of each of these. When, in world, these substances are in copiousness in the well-balanced vegetarian diet. In fact, from research, we learn that # 8220 ; it is widely recognized that works nutrients are the best beginnings of many of these foods # 8221 ; ( Akers, 1983 p.49 ) . Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are the primary beginnings of energy to the organic structure because they supply fuel necessary for organic structure heat and work ( Dunne, 1990 ) . Protein seems to be of the greatest concern for people believing about going a vegetarian. Following to H2O, protein is the most plentiful substance in the organic structure. It is one of the most of import elements for the care of good wellness and verve. Protein is the primary food involved in the growing and development of all organic structure tissues ( Dunne, 1990 ) . Our society has embedded in us the belief that the lone manner of acquiring adequate protein is to eat big measures of meat and that people who Don # 8217 ; t eat meat will endure from a protein lack. Ironically, protein is the easiest of all the foods to get. An entirely random choice of nutrient workss, incorporating adequate Calories to prolong life, will about ever supply plenty protein to run into your organic structure # 8217 ; s demands ( Akers, 1983 ) . Nathan Pritikin, states in his book The P! ritikin Program for Diet and Exercise ( Grosset and Dunlap, 1979 ) that # 8220 ; the best nutrient beginnings for protein are grains, roots, veggies, and fruits in unprocessed, minimally processed signifier # 8221 ; ( Tracy, 1985 ) . Procuring saccharides and fat in 1s # 8217 ; diet is non every bit much of a concern for the vegetarian. Carbohydrates are found chiefly in nutrient of works beginning and indispensable fatty acids are found widely in nutrient beginnings from workss. There has been some argument about the indispensable fatty acid, linoleic acid, and whether or non there was a sufficient sum of it in the vegetarian diet. The dietetic demand of linoleic acid is, approximately, 1 % to 3 % of entire Calories ( Dunne, 1990 ) . A survey done on British vegans showed that # 8220 ; they were acquiring approximately 13 % of their Calories from linoleic acid # 8221 ; ( Akers, 1983 ) . Clearly this shows that the mean vegetarian has little to be concerned approximately. The dietetic demands of other foods, which may be of extra concern to the vegetarian, are Ca and B12. For the vegetarian, particularly the vegan, fear about low degrees of these foods may be common. Where, on the 1 manus, milk and other dairy merchandises are a great beginning of Ca for the lacto and lacto-ovo vegetarians. For the vegan, who has eliminated all dairy merchandises from their diet, there is, nevertheless, small uncertainty that they excessively can acquire Ca from plant-based beginnings. Broccoli, boodle, Brassica rapa leafy vegetables, and spinach all have considerable sums of Ca in them. Equally good, even though grains in the signifier of staff of lifes are comparatively low in Ca, they are still a good beginning because of the high frequence of consumption by vegans ( Vegetarian Times, 1996 ) . Following to protein, B12 is likely the 2nd most of import issue in vegetarian nutrition. This is because # 8220 ; animate being protein is about the lone beginning in which B12 occurs of course in significant sums # 8221 ; ( Dunne, 1990 p.31 ) . However, merely improbably little sums of this vitamin are thought to be necessary. The mean individual needs about 3 mcgs per twenty-four hours ( Akers, 1983 ) . For the vegan, who is worried about the deficiency of this vitamin in their diet, they have many options. They can take B12 addendums or eat a B12 -fortified cereal a twosome of times a hebdomad. Another option for them is to add nutritionary barm to their nutrient ; one to two teaspoons contains a hebdomad # 8217 ; s dietetic demand of this vitamin ( Vegetarian Times, 1996 ) . It is clear, so, that the vegetarian diet can be healthy if it is has been instituted decently and with the consciousness of the organic structure # 8217 ; s nutritionary demands. This informed attack to devouring a vegetarian diet is even more of import for the vegetarian jock. They excessively can boom on the vegetarian diet if they include, every bit good, in their instruction a thorough apprehension of what their organic structure will necessitate to execute to it # 8217 ; s full possible. There have been several universe category jocks who have succeeded in their athleticss and done it on the vegetarian diet. Six clip Ironman victor, Dave Scott, the baseball place tally male monarch, Hank Aaron, tennis star, Martina Navratilova and many other top acting jocks hold all competed on a vegetarian diet ( Thimian, 1997 ) . All these jocks had something else in common. Besides being vegetarians, they all realized that to develop and vie at peek public presentation they needed to hold a well-balanced and complete vegetarian diet. The best vegetarian diet for the jock is the lacto-ovo diet because it allows them to keep the increased degrees of protein and Ca without holding to eat excessively many of the nutrients which contains majority. Although, a balanced vegan diet besides supplies far more protein than the needed day-to-day allowance and is rather equal for the preparation jock ( Doyle, 1979 ) . Having excessively much protein in the organic structure is non good for non-athlete, but is even worse for the jock. Excessively much protein in the organic structure can interfere with the organic structure # 8217 ; s ability to absorb Ca, which is highly of import to the jock, and can hinder public presentation ( Vegetarian Times, 1996 ; Winter, 1994 ) . Besides all the normal concerns of a vegetarian non-athlete, the vegetarian jock has extra considerations. # 8220 ; In add-on to high quality protein, vegetarian jocks must pay close attending to acquiring plenty of two indispensable minerals, Fe and zinc # 8221 ; ( Winters, 1994 p.1 ) Some peak public presentation jocks suffer from a status known as athleticss anaemia. Although it is iron related, it is non a true lack. # 8220 ; Sports anaemia is the organic structure # 8217 ; s inability to fit the increased plasma volume that occurs at high degrees of intense and drawn-out preparation # 8221 ; ( Thimian, 1997, p.3 ) . This status can be treated easy by taking Fe addendums, increasing vitamin C to heighten soaking up, and taking a remainder from or diminishing the physical emphasis that caused the status ( Thimian, 1997 ) . As good as being cognizant about their nutritionary demands and how to adequately run into them, the vegetarian jock must besides follow some basic, general, guidelines for all jocks. Having a pre-game, saccharide rich repast. This will guard off hungriness strivings and aid to keep blood sugar degrees during an activity or event. They must imbibe plentifulness of H2O during the activity to replace exhausted fluids. After the activity, the jock must loosen up. The organic structure needs clip to recover. Last, and most significantly, they must acquire plentifulness of remainder. The jock puts their organic structure through strict preparation and hence needs the slumber to renew, more so than sedentary people ( Doyle, 1979 ) . Following all of these guidelines will aid guarantee that the vegetarian jock ever achieves a extremum public presentation while keeping brilliant wellness. Vegetarianism has, for some clip, been the whipping boy of those who believe that there is no possible manner that a individual could except meat from their diet and remain healthy for long. This would use double to those who would make bold to reject meat and name themselves jocks. Both the meat industry and the medical community have for some clip presented a position that anyone who would effort to stay vegetarian for any length of clip would go ill nourished and, finally, ill. These yearss, nevertheless, members of the medical community have swayed to a saner position. Research has proven repeatedly that, with the proper instruction, vegetarianism is non merely safe, but even healthy. The greater fright, ironically, in the medical community, now, is about the high rate of disease caused by fatso nutrients, many of which root from the high ingestion of meat and dairy merchandises. Today # 8217 ; s physician is far more likely to be afraid of the high measures of meat and dairy merchandises that people consume that about the absence of it. It does non look that implausible if the diet of pick for everyone would one twenty-four hours be the vegetarian diet. Page Akers, K. ( 1983 ) . A Vegetarian Sourcebook. G.P. Putnam # 8217 ; s Son. New York. Doyle, R. ( 1979 ) . The Vegetarian Handbook. Crown Publishers Inc. New York. Dunne, L. ( 1990 ) . Nutrition Almanac: Third Eddition. McGraw-Hill Publishing. New York. Giehl, D. ( 1979 ) . Vegetarianism: A Way of Life. Harper and Row Publishing. New York. Hulsey, M. ( 1997 ) . Questioning Nutritional, Ethical, and, Ecological Arguments About Vegetarianism. The European. ( 1992 ) . Doctors say Meat-eaters Face the Chop. Tracy, L. ( 1985 ) . The Gradual Vegetarian. M.Evans and Company, Inc. New York. Vegetarian Times. ( 1996 ) . Vegetarian Beginner # 8217 ; s Guide. Macmillan. New York. Winters, M. ( 1994 ) . Vegetarian Athletes Need to Balance Protein in Their Diet.

Antiheroism In Hamlet Essays (751 words) - Characters In Hamlet

Antiheroism In Hamlet Antiheroism In Hamlet Antiheroism has always been an interesting aspect of a character that authors have chosen to illustrate. In literature, there hasbeen countless antiheroic characters, from Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Allie Fox in TheMosquito Coast, to others as famous as Robin Hood and ... By literary definition, an antihero is the "hero" of the play or novel, buthas negative attributes which separate him or her from the classic hero such as Superman. Such negative aspects may include aviolent nature, use of coarse language, or self serving interests which may inadvertently depict the protagonist as a hero since theresult of serving those interests may be the betterment of society or an environment. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, theprotagonist, Hamlet, is depicted as an antihero. One main factor which gives Hamlet such a label is that he draws sympathy, aswell as admiration, from the reader since Hamlet feels the pain of losing his father along with the burden and obstacles in avenginghis murder.Act four places a special emphasis on Hamlet's intelligence. In scene two, Hamlet is very insolent and rude towards Rosencrantzand Guildenstern with such phrases as,That I can keep your counsel and not, mine own. Beside, to bedemanded of a sponge, what replication should be made by the son of aking? (IV, ii, 12-14) The reference to the sponge reflects the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are easily ordered by the kingand do not have minds of their own. Hamlet does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern since they are servants of the Claudius,Hamlet's mortal enemy. The reader does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern either which causes the reader to side withHamlet. Another incident of Hamlet's high intelligence is shown when he Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern,I am glad of it: a knavish sleeps in a foolish ear. (IV, ii,24-25) This statement leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern more or less confused. Hamlet is clearly more clever than the two ofthem combined and is able to toy with them.Hamlet has an excellent command of the language and because of it, can use wordsto the point that those around him will not understand and may label him as crazy.Hamlet shows another example of his cleverness, this time towards Claudius, when he says,I see a cherub that sees them. But, come; for England! Farewell,dear mother. (IV, iii, 49-50) The cherub, or the angel, gives Hamlet a sense of superiority over Claudius. Having an angel at one'sside would be a definite sign of power, which is exactly what Hamlet tries to maintain over Claudius in their constant powerstruggle. Just when Claudius thinks he controls Hamlet, it is really Hamlet who has the upper hand over Claudius. There are very strong philosophical references made by Hamlet in this act regarding life and death. Hamlet tells Claudius, Your worm is youronly emperor for diet: we fat all creatures else to fat us, and we fatourselves for maggots: your fat king and your lean beggar is butvariable service, two dishes, but to one table: that's the end. (IV,iii, 21-26) This statement id a reference to the food chain, and in turn, a reflection on the meaning of life. It illustrates the equalityof men in that whether one is born to be a king or a beggar, when one dies, we are all equal. Worms and maggots do not treatanybody differently once one is dead and buried. The final scene draws the greatest sympathy towards Hamlet even though he is not even in the scene. The forces of Claudius andLaertes have combined against Hamlet. Claudius states,To an exploit now ripe in my device, Under the which he shall notchoose but fall, And for his death no wind of blame shall breathe; Buteven his mother shall unchange the practice, And call it accident.(IV, vii, 65-69) Claudius is willing to undertake any measures necessary to eliminate Hamlet, to the point that it does not matterwhether or not it hurts Gertrude in any way. This scene depicts Hamlet as the victim, much like two bullies picking on a smallerchild in school, since the king, with the aid of Laertes, is out to kill Hamlet, this time with a passion. Much like a politicalrevolutionary, Hamlet has the system against him and is facing death because of his loyalty and honour towards his father. The fact that Hamlet's life is not indeed in jeopardy attributes to his "hero" status. In addition, his only fault is the desire to avengehis father's murder, an act considered completely honourable by the reader. However, Hamlet's negative attributes include hisrudeness towards others, including the fair Ophelia, and a violent nature as shown

Marie Antoinette, Queen Executed in French Revolution

Marie Antoinette, Queen Executed in French Revolution Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-Lothringen; November 2,  1755–October 16,  1793) was the queen of France, executed by guillotine during the French Revolution. She is most known for supposedly saying Let them eat cake, although the French quote translates more precisely as, Let them eat brioche, and there is no proof that she said this. She was reviled by the French public for her lavish spending. Until her death, she  supported the monarchy against reforms and against the French Revolution. Fast Facts: Marie Antoinette Known For:  As the queen of Louis XVI, she was executed during the French Revolution. She is often quoted as saying, Let them eat cake (there is no proof of this statement).Also Known As:  Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-LothringenBorn:  November 2, 1755  in Vienna (now in Austria)Parents: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria TheresaDied:  October 16, 1793 in Paris, FranceEducation: Private palace tutors  Spouse: King Louis XVI of FranceChildren: Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se-Charlotte, Louis Joseph Xavier Franà §ois, Louis Charles, Sophie Hà ©là ¨ne Bà ©atrice de FranceNotable Quote: I am calm, as people are whose consciences are clear. Early Life and Marriage to Louis XVI Marie Antoinette was born in Austria, the 15th of 16 children born to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria Theresa. She was born on the same day as the famous earthquake of Lisbon. From birth, she lived the life of wealthy royalty, educated by private tutors in music and languages. As with most royal daughters, Marie Antoinette was promised in marriage in order to build a diplomatic alliance between her birth family and the family of her husband. Her sister Maria Carolina was married to Ferdinand IV, King of Naples, for similar reasons. In 1770 at age 14, Marie Antoinette married the French dauphin Louis, grandson of Louis XV of France. He ascended the throne in 1774 as Louis XVI. Life as Queen Marie Antoinette was welcomed in France at first. Her charisma and lightness contrasted with the withdrawn and uninspiring personality of her husband. After her mother died in 1780, she became more extravagant, which led to growing resentment. The French were also suspicious of her ties to Austria and her influence on King Louis XVI in attempting to foster policies friendly to Austria. Marie Antoinette, formerly welcomed, became vilified for her spending habits and her opposition to reforms. The 1785–1786 Affair of the Diamond Necklace further discredited her and reflected poorly on the monarchy. In this scandal, she was accused of having an affair with a cardinal in order to obtain a costly diamond necklace. After an initial slow start at the expected role of child-bearer- her husband apparently had to be coached in his role in this- Marie Antoinette gave birth to her first child, a daughter, in 1778, and sons in 1781 and 1785. By most accounts, she was a devoted mother.  Paintings of the family stressed her domestic role. Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution After the Bastille was stormed on July 14, 1789, the queen urged the king to resist the Assemblys reforms, making her even more unpopular and leading to the unproven attribution to her of the remark, Quils mangent de la brioche!- often translated as Let them eat cake! The phrase was actually first seen in print in Jean-Jacques Rousseaus The Confessions, written before Marie Antoinette was queen. In October 1789, the royal couple was forced to move from Versailles to Paris. Two years later, the attempted escape of the royal couple from Paris was stopped at Varennes on October 21, 1791. This failed escape was reportedly planned by Marie Antoinette. Imprisoned with the king, Marie Antoinette continued to plot. She hoped for foreign intervention to end the revolution and free the royal family. She urged her brother, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, to intervene, and she supported a French declaration of war against Austria in April 1792, which she hoped would result in the defeat of France. Her unpopularity helped lead to the overthrow of the monarchy when Parisians stormed the Tuileries Palace on August 10, 1792, followed by the establishment of the First French Republic in September. The family was imprisoned in the Temple on August 13, 1792, and moved to the Conciergerie on August 1, 1793. The family made several attempts to escape, but all failed. Death Louis XVI was executed in January 1793, and Marie Antoinette was executed by the guillotine on October 16 of that year. She was charged with aiding the enemy and inciting civil war. Legacy The role Marie Antoinette played in French governmental affairs, both domestic and foreign, was likely greatly exaggerated. She was particularly disappointing to her brother, the Holy Roman Emperor, for her inability to further Austrian interests in France. Her lavish spending, furthermore, did not significantly contribute to Frances economic troubles before the revolution. Marie Antoinette, however, remains an enduring symbol, around the world and across history, of the extravagance of monarchy and aristocracy- against which revolutionaries define their ideals. Sources Castelot, Andrà ©. Queen of France: A Biography of Marie Antoinette. Harper Collins, 1957.Fraser, Antonia.  Marie Antoinette: The Journey. Anchor Books, 2001.Thomas, Chantal The Wicked Queen: The Origins of the Myth of Marie-Antoinette. Zone Books, 1999.

Rural Idyll and Social Exclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rural Idyll and Social Exclusion - Essay Example The images in the rural places provide the revelation of the kind of lifestyles by the people, cultures, the products and the entire environment of the rural places. The Link between Rural Idyll and Geographical Imagery The geographical imagery in the rural areas depict much about the rural people to include their productivity, economic activities, the climatic condition, weather and culture. The nature of the rural areas and the belief of being the related to poverty which consequently lead to the migration of the people t the cities intensifies social exclusion in the region. These define the bad image of the rural areas and the factor of de-motivation to involve the villagers, the poor people in the planning process of the country. The negative perception and the belief of incapability of the villages lead to social exclusion (Yarwood 12). The Concept of Rural Idyll and Social Exclusion Social exclusion involves the contemporary neglect of the rural people from the benefits and ex posing the people to disadvantages in the rural areas. This is as a result of the social class differences between the rural people and the city dwellers. The rural people are systematically blocked from rights, freedoms, opportunities and resources and these should present in order to enhance social integration between the people and the entire society. The geographical images in the rural; areas give them the classification of poor lifestyles by the urban dwellers. The exclusion of the rural people from the budgetary processes of the country will deny the society the opportunity to access the basic human wants in life (Philip and Mark 468). Rural Idyll and Low Income The negative point of view and belief leads to discrimination of the rural people. The urban elites, who are the planners and the directors of the major economic projects in the countries, look down upon the rural people with view of incapability and incompetence. The escalating rate of poverty is due to the relative low levels of affluence in the rural places, which ids contributed by the rural disadvantage posed by the development pilots in the regions. In the contemporary societies, the low levels of income in the rural areas are intensified with the need to own a car and meet the standards of the other people. This means that the rates of income are affected by the high living standards in the societies. The image of the rural areas put the villagers at the verge of poverty as their fate to access the full means of development are justified based on such measures (Carpenter, Belinda & Stuart 109). Poor or lack of services The neglect of the rural areas leads to discrimination that influences the supply of services to the people. Services to the people are determined majorly by the level of income that is usually low in these areas and therefore the services delivered are poor and of lower quality if not limited. The decline of services affects the poor and the elderly in the communities but in the rural areas it affects everybody. Poor services are directly linked with the poor access to channels and links to access these core servicers to the people. The lack of roads in the rural areas is linked with the focus to develop the urban areas neglecting the villages. The urban areas are given first priorities in everything to deal with the provision of development services and infrastructure (Yarwood 34). Rural Idyll Influences the Rate of